Africa+and+the+Africans



The Atlantic Slave Trade: Main Idea- Portuguese set patterns for contact with the African coast. The slave trade expanded to meet the new American colonies. Millions were exported in an organized commerce that involved Europeans and Africans. Details Trend Toward Expansion: Main Idea- The numbers of slaves involved int the trans-Atlantic triangular trade increased dramatically. Details Demographic Patterns: Main Idea- The slave trade caused democratic shifts not only in the New World but also in Africa as well. Details Organization of the Trade: Main Idea- An increasingly complex trade system helped Europe and Africa facilitate the exchanged of slaves. Details African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade: Main Idea- Slave trade influence African forms of servitude and the social development of African states. Details
 * Notes on pages 435-440:**
 * Portuguese established factories: forts and trading posts with resident merchants.
 * El Mina was the most important in teh heart of the gold producing region of the forest zone
 * Most forst were established with the consents of local rulers
 * Africans got goods from Portuguese
 * Portuguese received ivory, pepper, animal skins, and gold from the Africans
 * El Mina + Accra + Other trade forts = led to gold producing regions
 * African trade routes = Portuguese success
 * Some African civilizations did not impress the Portuguese (Segegambian coast)
 * Efforts to convert rulers like benin, Kongo, and other were made
 * Nzinga Mvemba (Kongo ruler) brought his kingdom to Christianity
 * Africans to portuguese were savages and pegans but also capable of civilized + conversion to Christianity
 * foundation of Luanda ont eh coast = more permanenet Portuguese settlement
 * Portu tried to control African ports in Indian Ocean + Red Sea
 * Securing bases at Kilwa, Mombasa, Sogfala = access to gold trade
 * Another of Portugal's major interest was the salve trade
 * Portuguese opened a direct channel to sub-Saharan Africa
 * First 50 slaves were sent per year but then it raised up to 500 per year
 * Slave trade increased when Portuguese and the Spanish began to develop sugar plantations
 * Salve trade predominated over all othe rkinds of commerce on the African coast
 * 12 million Africans were sghipped across teh Atlantic
 * Mortality rate of 10 + 20 % on the ships
 * About 10 or 11 million Africans actually arrived int eh Americans
 * A lot of people died in Africa as a result of teh slaving wars or in the forced marches
 * 16,000 slaves were snet per year -> 7 million slaves ( more then 80%) -> 3 million slave lived in the Americas
 * Cuba received 7000,000 slaves + Brazil received more than 1 million
 * Slave mortality was high + fertility was low
 * 6 million slaves worked int eh Americas + about 4 milion of them in southern USA
 * British and French Caribbean made up 80 to 90% of the pop
 * Spanish America and Brazil received the majority of African salves
 * English and French began to grow sugar = important to have slavers
 * Brazil alone received 3.5 - 5 million African
 * Trans-Sahara + Red Seam + east African=added another 3 million people to total of Africans exported slaves
 * Benin alone was importing 10,000 salves per year
 * Majority of trans-Saharan slave trade = women for concubines + domestic servant (north Africa + Middle East)
 * Atlantric salve tradea concentration = men (planters + mine owners seeks workers for heavy labors)
 * African societies preferred to sell men
 * Keep women + children as domestic slave or to extend excisting kin groups
 * pop of about 25 million was about one half what it woudl have been had there been no slave trade
 * trans-Atlantic slave carried more men than women and more women than children
 * Women + children that stayed in Africa swelled teh #'s of enslaved people
 * Maize and manioc were introduced to Africa = new food resources for pop
 * Control of the slave trade reflected teh political situation in Europe
 * Portuguese controlled msot of teh coastal trade
 * Portugal was the major supplier of Brazil and Spanish settlements in America
 * Dutch sized El Mina = major competitors with Portugal
 * Franch and English made similar arraggnements
 * Denmark had its agents and forts ont eh African coast
 * Africa was a graveyard because of teh tropical diseases they had
 * 10 % of employees from the Royal African Company returned to England
 * European agents dealt with local rulers, payign a tax/offering gifts
 * Spanish development a system in which a healthy man was called an indies piece
 * Salves were brought to teh cosat by a variety of means
 * English slave trade ran from 5 - 10% on average (Franch + Dutch trades was lower)
 * Triangular trade: slaves were carried to the Americas
 * Sugar + Tabacco and other good were carried to Europe
 * Notes on pages 440-448:**
 * Muslim trans-Sahara + Red sea trade = established
 * Atlantic trade interacted w/ + transformed aspects of slavery
 * African societies = developed forms of servitude
 * African states = nonegalitarian
 * African societies = all land was owned by the state/ruler
 * control of slaves = way to increase wealth and status
 * Slaves used as servants/concubines/soldiers/administrators/field workers
 * Villages of enslaved dependants had to pay tribute to ruler
 * Things such as slave porters and villages of slave to supply caravans existed
 * Allowed nobles/senior lineages/rulers to exercise their power
 * Atlantic trade - new opportunities for expansion + intensification of slavery in societies
 * Slave = denied chaice about lives / actions
 * Slaves = dependent/ inferior positions/ aliens
 * excess of women led to polygyny + large harems by rules/ merchants
 * Slavery = legitimate fate for nonbelievers but illegal for Muslims
 * Slave communities = agriculture surplus for rulers/nobles
 * Slaves used for gold mining + salt production
 * Slavery = diffused form of labor control + wealth in Africa

Slaving and African Politics: Main Idea- Slave trade influence African political development of African states. Details
 * Merchants + royal officials = tap existing routes/markets/institutions
 * States + societies were transformed
 * States of central/western Africa = small/fragmented
 * Warrior/soldier emerged important in states
 * Wars took on a religious overtone of nonbelievers vs believers
 * Some say it was a feature of African politics; other result of European demand for new salves
 * Result = capture / sale of millions of humans
 * Sel-sufficiency / anti-authoritarian ideas developed
 * increasing centralization + hierarchy could be seen int eh enslaving African societies
 * Intermediaries betweent he gold of the west African forest + the trans-Saharan trade routes
 * Coast tried to monopolize the trade with Europeans
 * European good on the coast= firearms, iron, horses, cloth, tobacco
 * African kingdoms began to redirect trade to the coast and expand influence

Asante and Dahomey: Main Idea- New powerful states emerged in west Africa such as Asante and Dahomey. Details
 * Settled around Kumasi
 * Asantehene = designate the supreme civil + religious leader
 * Golden stool = symbol of Asante union-> create by linking the Akan clans + Asantehene
 * Dutch on the cost realized that a new power had emerged
 * Gold continued to be a major item of export
 * Slaves = 2/3s of Asante’s trade
 * Benin at top of its power when the Europeans arrived
 * Dahomey (develped among the Fon peoples) different response to the European presence
 * Firearms allowed the rulers to create an autocratic based on slave trade
 * King Agaja w/ his kingdom of Dahomey moved towards the coast
 * Dahomey was a slaving state
 * More than 1.8 million slaves were exported
 * Traditional art= crafts (bronze casting + woodcarving + weaving)

East Africa and the Sudan:  Main Idea-In the Sudan and east Africa, slavery produced long-term effects.  Details
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Portuguese settlers along the Zambezi river in Mozambique used slave soldiers to increase their territories
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Swahili, Indian, and the Arabian merchants followed the European model and set up clove plantations using African slave laborers
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bantu speaker predominated, but many peoples inhabited the region
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bantu stated had immigrants, even when the newcomers established ruling dynasties
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nilotic group, especially Luo peoples, resulted in the construction of related dynasties among the states
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Near lake veronica a strong monarchy ruled
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These developments in the interior, were less influenced by the growing contact with the outside world than the regions of Africa
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bambara kingdoms of segun were pagen
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The process of islamization, which had been important in the days of the mali and songhay empires
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Muslim reform movement began to sweep the western sudan
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Religious brotherhood emerged, had intense impact on Fulani, a pastoral people who were spread across a broad area of western Sudan
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Usuman Dan Fodia, a studious Muslim scholar, began to preach the reformist ideology in the hausa kingdoms
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Movement = a revolution, seeing himself as god’s instrument, preached a jihad against the Hausa kings, were not following the teaching of Muhammad
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Literacy became widely spread

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">White Settlers and Africans in Souther Africa: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Main Idea- In souther African, a Dutch colony eventually brought Europeans into conflict with Africans. For example the souther Bantu-speaking peoples. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Details
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mixed farming + pastoralism = spread
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bantu people practiced agriculture + herding
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">People worked w/ iron + copper tools
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Weapons + traded w/ their neighbors
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Men worked as artisan/herders
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Women did the farming + housework + sometimes organized labor communally
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dutch East India Company established a colony at the cape of good hope -> serve as a provisioning post for ships sailing to Asia
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The cape colony depended on slave labor (from Indonesia/Asia)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dutch or Boer, farmers had crossed the orange river in search for new land
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Great Britain seized the cape colony + took it under formal British control
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Britain abolished slavery + imposed restrictions on landholding

<span style="color: #808000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Main Idea- The Zulu was created under Shaka, a powerful chiefdom, during a process of expansion that affected the entire region. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Details The African Diaspora Main Idea- Details
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Leadership fell in Shaka
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Regiments organized by linage + age
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Warriors were only allowed to marry after they completed service
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Shaka’s own Zulu chiefdom = the center of this military + political organization
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Shaka demonstrated talent as a politician:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Destroyed the ruling families of the groups he incorporated into the growing Zulu state
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ruled w/ an iron hand (destroying his enemies)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Zulu remained the most impressive military force in black Africa
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rise of Zulu = beg of Mfecane/wars
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Swazi + Lesotho (new African state) adopted aspects of Zulu
 * Notes on pages 448-453**

Slave Lives Main Idea- Details

Africans in the Americas Main Idea- Details

American Slave Societies Main Idea- Details

The People and Gods Exile Main Idea- Details

The End of Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery Main Idea- Details