Civilizations+in+Crisis

Ottoman Empire and Egypt
 As industrialzed European nations were expanding their imperial possessions the Ottoman Empire and Egypt were in decline.

 As you read pages 593-604 take notes in the chart below. Be sure to focus on causes of decline, European inervention and reform programs


 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt ||
 * * Weaked by internal strife and unable to prevent European rival from whittling away its territories
 * Ottoman Empiore appeared near falling appart
 * Rulers + reformers devised strategies that slowed the decline of the empire + the advance of the European poweres
 * Russian Empire = stronger -> taking over Ottoman lands
 * Sultan cheated of revenue earned from peasantry
 * Ottomans able to survive = European's fighting for more power
 * Reform initiatives at different stages = more tension in ruling elites
 * Bureaucracy angered
 * Line of weak rulers = other groups in political system -> fighting for power
 * Low control on population
 * Manufacturers from Europe lead to decline of artisans
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Merchants relied on commercial dealings of European merchants = Increased influx of Western goods
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Military not strong because of better Western weapons
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sultan Selim III believed that bolder initiatives were needed if the dynasty and empire were to survive
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Muhmud II ordered his agents to invite a mutiny of the Janissaries
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tanzimat Reforms - > Western influences were pervasive at the upper levels of Ottoman society || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Reverses + the increasing strength of European rivals elicited a variety of responses
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Islamic thinkers debated the best way to reverse the decline + drive back the Europeans
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Some wanted a return to the Islamic past
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Some favored a large scale adoption of Western ways
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Murad, the ehad of the coalition of Mamluk households that shared power in Egypt at the time of Napoleon's arrival
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Murad dismissed the invader as a donkey boy who he would soond rive from hsi lands
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Muhamma Ali was a young officer of Albanian origins who emerged as teh effective ruler of Egypt
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">People were impressed by the weapons + discipline of the French armies
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Suez Canal -> transformed Egypt into one of the most strategiv places on earth.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The canal became a vital commercial and military link between the European powers + their colonial empires in Asia + east Africa
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">al-Afghani and his disciple Muhammad Abduh who stressed the need for Muslims to borrow scientific learning and tech from the West + revive earlier capacity to innovate
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ahmad Orabi was a charismatic young Egyptian officer
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Khartoum was the center of Egyptian administration in the Sudan
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Muhammad Achmad proved to be the leader (he was the son of a boat builder and had been educated by the head of a local Sufi brotherhood)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Khalifa Abdallahi had been one of the Mahdi's most skillful military commanders -> Mahdists built a strong state
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ottoman Society for Union and Progress was a Resistance to his authoritarian rule had led exiled Turkish intellectuals and political agitators
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Abdul Hamid responded to the growing threat from westernized officers and civilians by attempting a return to despotic absolutism during ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Abdul Hamid responded to the growing threat from westernized officers and civilians by attempting a return to despotic absolutism during ||

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Read Western Dominance and the Decline of Civilations(IN DEPTH P.596-597)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Each civilization has a unique history
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Internal weaknesses + external = break down civilizations
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">slow and vulnerable communication systems = major barrier to the long term cohesions of the political systems
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ethnic + religious and regional differences reemerged
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Self-serving corruption and the pursuit of pleaser eroded
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">deterioration in governance + military strength = social tensions
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Influx of nomadic peoples = major factor in the fall of a lot of civilizations
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nomadic assaults = weaknesses of the ruling elites + destroyed their military base
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nomadic invaders stayed to rule the sedentary peoples they conquered
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Invading peoples living in tis ruins managed to restore patterns of civilized life
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Neighboring civi. clashed in wars on their frontiers -> rare for one civilization to play a mayor part int he demise of another
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emergence of western Europe = changed long standing patterns of interaction between civi. + between civi. + nomadic
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Aggressive Europeans proved a threat to other civilizations
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">European military assaults had destroyed the Aztec + Inca empires
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Europeans diseases + weapons + plants + livestock = made them more vulnerable
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Civilizations in African + Asia proved capable of standing up to the Europeans (not in sea)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Technological innovations + scientific discoveries = changed Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">western Europeans mastery of the natural world -> Extraction + manufacture + war
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Transmitted into the economic/military/political domination of other civi
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Europeans = conquer most of these civi or reduced them to spheres they could controlled and threatened to annex
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Damaging to civi of west Africa, the Islamic, and China
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Materially advanced + expansive West would level all other civilized center
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thinkers and political leaders - the rest of humankind had no alternative other than to follow the path of development pioneered by the West
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">non Western ppl became preoccupied
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With coping w/ the powerful challenges posed by the industrial West
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">To the survival of their civilized past and the course of their future development

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Qing Empire
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> As you read 604 to 611 take outline notes on the Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire. Be sure to include Main Ideas for each subtopic and to highlight key terms.

The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China: Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Main Idea- <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Strong rule by the Manchus and a high degree of social stability <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Details
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The compradors was wealthy group of merchants that specialized in the import-export trade
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Respect for classes was always still there
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Women were still taking care of the homes
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Women better life = hope theirs husbands would help
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Manchu lower taxes
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Like before the peasants worked for the landlords
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Influx of tea = pay British for the tea

Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Main Idea- <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chinese people gave way to rampant official corruption, severe economic dislocations, and social unrest. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Details
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Exam system was corrupted
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sons of high officials has already spot in the bureaucracy
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Protest came alone because of those who failed the exam
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Devastation of Society= division of revenue + state projects
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Military wasn't payed good enough therefore they had less training
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Damages areas weren't fixed (like in public places)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Migrations bc of landlords demands + famine + diseases
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Civilization falls the one before who had more power would take over
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Manchus changed China in many ways

Barbarians at the Souther Gates: The Opium War and After <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Main Idea- <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Western powers took advantage of these weaknesses to force open China's markets <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Details
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Opium War between Great Britain + Chine bc British fought to protect their trade in opium (British victory)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Manchus hated Europeans
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Technological innovations + scientific discoveries = changed Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">China wanted silver instead Great Britain gave Opium
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Much of China was now addicted to Opium
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Law were not enforced to deal with the Opium
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">China decided to bomb opium factories in China = trigger war
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">War ended when Britain said that property right were broken
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Britain navy was too much for China to handle
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Now Britain trading center was Hong Kong

A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Main Idea- <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Several rebellions swept through much of south China and the greatest of these was the Taiping Rebellion led by semi-Christianized prophet Hong Xiuquan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Details
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Taiping Rebellion was the greatest of the rebellions that swept through south China
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hong Xiuquan who was semi-Christianized prophet led the rebellion
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">China's self strengthening movement was aimed at countering the challenge from the West
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Zeng Guofan = created military to defeat Northern China
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cixi became the power behind the throne and dominated the ultraconservative
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Reforms to revive Chinas economy
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Opium smoking banded + alteration on Christianity = Europeans backing the Qing
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Boxer Rebellion aimed at expelling the foreigners from China

The Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Main Idea- <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Western powers took advantage of these weaknesses to reduce China's Qing rulers to little more than puppets <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Details
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sun Yat-sen emerged as one of their most articulate advocates
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">More western education was seeing
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Revolutions rebelled vs Manchu
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Seizing power = needed social programs to relive the peasants/urban workers
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Puyi = powerful provincial lords was asked to establish a republican government in China

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">CCOT Essay
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese relations with foreign nations from 1450-1914