Greece+&+Rome

Greek city states of Athens and Sparta were both capable of self-government and regional power. Athens created the system of democracy and were ruling by it in the other hand Sparta had a republic government where the citizens elect who represents them. They both had strong government and used slaves. Also they belived in Greek Gods.
 * 5.1 According to the document indentify the similarities b/w the Greek city states of Athens & Sparta?**

__Document:__ Thucydides on Athens
 * 5.2 APPART Charts on Athens & Sparta**

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || War between Athens and Sparta during the B.C.E. years. We know that Athens is basically Greece. We know it like a very old city with old building and structures with a lot of history behind it. I could say “kind of like Rome.”  || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || The audiences are the city and family members of soldiers that were killed according to “ //Pericles delivered a funeral speech to commerate soldiers killed in the fighting, and he also praised his city”// People that don’t know one of their family members has died in war will not receive this so greatly. || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote ||  One reason could be to let the families that don’t know about their family member that have died in the war according to “ //funeral speech”// Also it could be to let the people know that Athens live as they please   || Support with quotes ||   The Main Idea is for Pericles to let he’s people know that the people that have survived should take the deaths one as a model to fight for happiness by getting freedom which comes from courage. “Survivors, must be determined to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field” and “take these as your model, and recognize that happiness comes from freedom and freedom comes from courage.” They created the system of democracy. || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible ||  Pericles the man of the speech was emperor, nothing like it he was just a statesman, orator, and general so he talked to he’s people to give them hopes ad courage them to fight for their freedom and help win against Sparta. General then took what had already happen like all the death soldiers to inspired those who are alive to fight. ||
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? ||  The article says it was Edited by Philip F. Riley. We know that it was from The Global Experience: Readings in World History to 1550. I don’t think any of those might influence anything on their opinions because he’s an historian and they report as they heard even if they don’t believe it.   ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - ||  The article does say Readings in World History to 1550 but the actual year it was written 2002 in Upper Saddle River, NJ.  ||
 * ** Prior Knowledge **
 * ** Audience **
 * ** Reason for Creation **
 * ** The Main Idea **
 * ** Significance **

__Document:__ Plutarch on Life in Sparta

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? ||  The city of Sparta was Athens' great rival in. Spartans outgrew Athens and then conquered the surrounding peoples, forcing them into a serf-like position. Ruling over Athens provided numerous challenges to the Spartan government, so changes were made to Spartan politics. || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || The audience was the Spartans and historians. Since he was an “ incredibly prolific writer, less than a third of his original writings survive,” that why historians should read this article. || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote ||  Plutarch’s accounts and philosophical observations on Spartan took the numerous challenges about taking over Athens and the changes that were made to Spartan politics because of them. || Support with quotes  ||  Sparta was a city-state because “children of Spartan, especially boys, were under the control of the city more so than under their parents.”  || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible ||  More government control and less political control. ||
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? ||  This article was Translated by Bernadotte Perrin but actually written or spoken by Plutarch. We know he was a Greek historian, born in Greece around 45 C.E.   ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - ||  It was created in the city of Sparta during the fifth century B.C.E.   ||
 * ** Prior Knowledge **
 * ** Audience **
 * ** Reason for Creation **
 * ** The Main Idea **
 * ** Significance **


 * 5.3 ESPIRIT Chart on Greece and Rome**

· Rise of commercial agriculture was the prime force that lead to establish an empire · Pushed south to get Sicilian grain fields and lot of North Africa as its granary. · Slavery was a key of the economy and element in military expansion. · Slaves did household task like tutoring of upper class children. · This type of slavery was like a “free” life as a poor peasant. · Slaves worked in mines for precious metals and iron. · Used slaves for agricultural work with paid laborers and tenant farmers. · Low status on the family economy = sometimes killed female infants · Women were active in business and controlled a portion of all urban property ||
 * E || · Based on commercial agriculture, trade, and slavery (Main Idea)
 * S || · Developed somewhat a different version of the patriarchal family Rome created social structure and resemble that of previous civilizations; noblemen and wealthy landlords occupied the top of the social ladder, while commoners and slaves were at the bottom. Man remained dominant withthin the patriarchal family. (Main Idea)

· Most were farmers that believed in the afterlife · Farmers were force to become tenants/laborers/ join the swelling crowds of the urban lower class. · Farmers could no longer vote freely · Merchants had high status, forming the second most important social class under the landed patricians. (aristocracy disputed the merchants’’ rights) · Philosophers elaborated justifications that needed slavery in a society · Family structure with a husband and father firmly in control · Women (upper class) control great influence/power within a household · Law + Culture = Women Inferior · Divorced because of adultery = woman lost a thirds of her property + wear special garment that meant she was a prostitute. || · Supervised the grain trade · Some trade in the borders of Mediterranean civilization for goods from India and China (disadvantage because products were less sophisticated than those of eastern Asia) · Farmers worked largely untouched by the doings of the great/surroundings except when wars engulfed their lands. || · Belief in the spirits of nature = set of gods and goddesses (seen as regulating human life) · Different names for their pantheon, Zeus or Jupiter, passage of the sun (Apollo) oceans (Neptune) inspiring war (Mars) human love/beauty (Venus) · Ceremonies to the gods for political importance + foretelling the future + asking for a good harvest/ health. · Gods used to illustrated human passions and foibles · Became interested in their gods in the term of what they could tell about humankind that cold led them towards higher planes of spirituality · Lack of spiritual passion failed to please workers/peasant mainly during political chaos or economic suffering. · Dominant religion promoted political loyalty didn’t provide a basis for ethical thought. · **Aristotle** and Cicero talked about the importance of moderation and balance in human behavior. · (Hellenistic period) Stoics said to be cultivated by strict discipline for the body and by personal bravery · **Socrates** encouraged his pupils to question conventional wisdom · Music and dance performances were part of religious festivals · Styles were blended with Christianity || · Philosophers like Aristotle did collect large amounts of biological data · Helped preserve tradition with giving textbooks to schoolchildren from the upper-class · Play production of gods as foils for study into human condition · Authors (poet Vergil) worked in the epic form trying to link the Roman history and mythology with the Greek forerunner. · Writers made significant contributions to poetry · Literacy contribution was less impressive than the Greek ( Latin language) · Painters produce realistic and sometime pornographic decorations for the home of the upper-class · Sculptors molded scenes of Roman conquests on triumphal columns and full figure statues of Augustus Caesar n his people · Knows for monumental athletic performances like chariot races and gladiators || · Developed skills in engineering · Provide greater facilities and good roads for the quick and easy movement of troops · Tech to improve production of food or manufactured goods= not fit in this civilization · Ability to construct elaborate arches so that buildings could carry a lot of structural weight · Constructed building of even great size and free-standing stadiums ||
 * P || * Rome ruled by Aristocrats but also introduced some democratic elements
 * Roman Republic consisted a senate composed of aristocrats and two consuls. (Main Idea)
 * Roman Empire cover a huge territory and population
 * Greece: democracy (//demos//= “the people”)
 * Earlier years was aristocratic rule and with tyrants
 * **Direct Democracy**: not rule through elected representatives (citizens could participate in assembly) meet every 10 days
 * Women had no rights of political participation, half of male were not citizens = slaves or foreigners.
 * Lower class citizens asked for jobs from the government
 * Tyranny or Democracy were the best political form in Classical Greece
 * Aristocratic put a check on executive power.
 * Found many leadership in many aristocrats (Pericles)
 * Aristocracy “rule of the best”
 * Roman republic tried to follow suggestions by the Greeks who already had experience with the principles of aristocracy
 * Periodic assemblies: **Senate** important legislative body (aristocrats)
 * Two **consuls** had executive power
 * Aristocratic tradition: appropriate political ethics, duties of citizens, importance of incorruptible service and key political skills (oratory)
 * **Cicero** (senator) expounded these ideas by writing about them.
 * Writers resembled Confucianism and various political forms.
 * Romans crafted laws = “hold their territory together”
 * Roman code of law, the Twelve Tables (retain upper classes from illogical actions)
 * Concentrated on maintaining systems of law courts and military forces.
 * Intense loyalty to the state; diversity of political systems with preferences for aristocratic rule; importance of law + development of a set of legal principles ||
 * I || · Private merchants operated most of the ships that carried agriculture products and other goods.  ROme was able to extended its rule throughtout Medeterranean Sea in the last centuyry B.C. But despite the large swath of land it ruled, it was not influenced by the civilizations of the east.
 * R || · Didn’t generate a major religion but did barrow a similar religious structure from the Greeks. However, this religon did not dictate the lives of ROmans like Confucianism and Hinduism did in China and Idian. (Main Idea)
 * I || · Philosophy, science, and art were the most durable elements  The Romans didn't contribute to Greek and hellenistic science, they applied what they did get from the Greeks in more practical manner, creating architectural achievement structures. (Main Idea)
 * T || · Weren’t interested in technological innovations applicable to agriculture or manufacturing.  Romans didn't contribute to Greek and hellenistic science, they applied what they did get from the Greeks in more practical manner, creating architectural achievement structures. (Main Idea)


 * 5.4 Key Terms**


 * Cyrus the Great || Established massive Persian Empire; successor state to Mesopotamian empires ||
 * Zoroastrianism || Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song:; chief religion of Persian Empire ||
 * Olympic games || One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations ||
 * Pericles || Athenian political leader; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early safes of Peloponnese War ||
 * Peloponnese Wars || Wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece ||
 * Philip II of Macedon || Ruled Macedon; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority ||
 * Hellenistic period || That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms. ||
 * Alexandria, Egypt || One of the cities found by and named for Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies. ||
 * Roman Republic || The balanced constitution of Rome; featured an aristocratic Senate; a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies ||
 * Punic Wars || Fought between Rome/Carthage to establish dominance int he western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts. ||
 * Carthage || Originally a Phoenician colony in norther Africa became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean ||
 * Julius Caesa || Roman general/statesman who played a critical role int eh transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. ||
 * Augustus Caesar || Name given to Octavian following his defeat of mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome ||
 * Diocletian and Constantine || Diocletian was a Roman emperor who restored empire by improving administration and tax collection. Constantine was a Roman emperor who established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually. ||
 * Polis || City-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization. ||
 * Direct Democracy || Major decisions of state were made by general assemblies in which all citizens could participate-although usually only a minority attended. Not rule through elected representatives. ||
 * Senate || Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution. ||
 * Consuls || Two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy ||
 * Aristotle || Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world. ||
 * Stoics || Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery. ||
 * Plato || Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the materialism world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled. ||
 * Sophocles || Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus ||
 * Illiad and Odyssey || Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos. ||
 * Dorics, Ionic, and Corinthian || distinct style of Hellenistic architecture ||

Greek city-states, like Sparta, were closed to outside influences so they were trading and expansionist people. Greek colonies were set up in different parts of the Mediterranean. Greece's outreach was extended by Alexander the Great, who made important contacts with Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East and Western India. In the other hand, Rome, had wars with Carthage which brough them in contact with North Africa after an ultimate victory. Greeke and Roman economies were based on commercial agriculture, trade, and slavery but their societies are somewhat different when it comes to the patriarchal families. Both of them didn't actually have main religion they just belived in the spirits of nature and gods/goddesses. But they had different names for their pantheons. Also they were ruled by aristocrats but introduced some democratic elements like direct democracy. Philosophy, science, and art were the most vailable and durable elements of the culture. Rome borrowed from the Greece in terms of culture, architecture, religion, and philosophy. Greece had diversity political systems and Rome had a Republic that consisted of a Senate and two Consuls.
 * 5.5 Chapter Summary**

5.6 The Conrad Dematest Model of Empire: Basic Principles I. Necessary precondition for the rise of empires:
 * Republic Government
 * conquered grain and wheat producing field
 * They grew grapes and trees
 * had the space and area to build structures
 * the state had no dominant power because Greece didn't have that clear strenght for power
 * surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea
 * invested into a masive military; they defeated Carthagianians

II. The primay reason a state succeeded in empire building: (Ideaology)
 * offerede people a chance at glory
 * offered people some say in government

III. Characteristics
 * trade with Eastern Civilization through
 * Law system
 * efficient bureaucracy facilitated trade, and defeated poeple from outside influences
 * imigration from North Africa, Germany and Spain

IV. The major rewards of empire:

V. Empires fall because:
 * invaded and collapsed
 * disintegration of the political, economic, military, and other social institutions
 * losted territory and suffered economic reversal