India


 * Indian Nationalism: Challenging the Raj and Winning Independence**

Read 657-661 and 722-723 Outline notes Indian Independence - Make sure you relate events in India to major world events The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order   India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj  Main Idea- Independence arose in Asian colonies earlier than in their African counterparts  Details
 * Western educated minority of the colonized in India
 * Indian nationalist movement pioneered patterns of nationalist challenge
 * India had been under British control for decades
 * Nonviolent forms of protest were taken
 * National Congress party led the Indians to independence
 * Congress Party had the blessing of a number of high raking British officials
 * Opinions of educated Indians could be made know to the gov
 * No mass base and very few ongoing staff members or full time politicians
 * Some members voiced concern for the growing poverty of the Indian masses
 * Debates and petitions to the gov were dominated by elite centric issues
 * Members were loyal to British rulers
 * Western educated Indians grew virulence of British racism
 * No matter where they came = were treated in a similar fashion
 * Indians shared grievance
 * south Asian more linguistically religiously, and ethnically than Europe

Social Foundations of a Mass Movement Main Idea- Western educated people began to grope for cause that would draw a segment of the Indian population into their growing nationalist community  Details
 * British rule had generated in many areas of India
 * Indian business men = angered bc favoritism the British rulers showed to British
 * Indian politicians stressed those problems ^
 * "Drain of Indian resources under colonial rule."
 * British: price to be paid for peace and good government
 * Nationalist thinkers: cost was too high
 * India's budget - cover expenses of huge army that fought in British Empire
 * Indian ppl paid for salaries/pensions of British administrators
 * Villages of India- British rule was equally apparent
 * Needs of British economy = Indian peasantry production of cash crops
 * Decline of food production = major role in regional famines
 * Indian nationalists charge the British
 * Food shortages and outbreaks of epidemic disease
 * landlessness and chronic poverty in many areas
 * British trying to protect small landholders and tenants (too little + too late)

The Rise of Militant Nationalism Main Idea- Indian nationalist leader stressed int heir early attempts to build a mass base had great appeal for devout Hindus  Details The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle Main Idea- British could take great comfort from the way in which the peoples of the empire rallied to their defensive  Details Nationalism and Decolonization The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Main Idea- From the Philippines to west Africa, independence was won in most of the nonsettler colonies with little bloodshed and remarkable speed Details
 * True campaigns for the protection of cows
 * Religous oriented causes often strongly alienated the adherent of their faith
 * Muslims eat beef and slaughter cattle
 * B.G. Tilak believed that Hindus made up the overwhelming majority of the Indian pop= nationalism should be built on appeals to Hind religiosity
 * He worked to promote the restoration/revival of Hinduism
 * Opposed womens education/raising the very low marriage age for women
 * He turned festivals for Hindu gods into mass political demonstrations
 * Demanded the boycott of British manufactured goods
 * Also persuasive Indians to refuse serve in administration/military
 * Demanded full independence
 * Promotion of Hinduism offended Hindus, Muslims, and followers of other religions
 * Threat to British in India before WWI came from Hindu communalists
 * Morley-Minto reforms:
 * Provided educated Indians w/ considerably expanded opportunities
 * Elect/Serve on local
 * All-Indian legislative councils
 * Indian prince offered substantial war loans
 * Indian soldiers bore the brunt of the war efforts
 * nationalist leader (Gandhi and Tilak) toured Indian selling British war bonds
 * Montagu-Chlmsford reforms
 * Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all India level
 * Placed much of the provincial administration of Indian under local ministries
 * Controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians
 * Passed in 1919
 * Rowlatt Act
 * Placed severe restrictions on the Indian civil rights
 * Like freedom of the press
 * acted to offset the concession granted under the MC Refoms
 * Mohandas Gandhi
 * pre-eminent political and ideological leader
 * pioneered satyagraha
 * In India he is also called Bapu
 * Satyagraha
 * "truth-force"
 * strategy of nonviolent protest
 * developed by Bapu
 * later deployed thorughout the colonized world and USA
 * During WWI, India wanted its independence from Britain
 * Muslim league came and fought all the allies
 * After WWI, Britain agreed to give India its independence
 * India thought about government
 * Later India decided to created Pakistan for large Muslim party and India for the Hindus
 * Conflicts arose but then settled
 * Muhammad Ali Jinnah became first president of Pakistan
 * Quit India movement
 * a civil disobedience movement
 * launched August 1942
 * response to Gandhi's call for immediate independence
 * Muslim League
 * Founded in 1906
 * better support demands of Muslim for separate electorates
 * separate legislative seats in Hindu
 * dominated India
 * represented division within Indian nationalist movement
 * Muhammad Ali Jinnah
 * lawyer, politician, statesman
 * founder of Pakistan
 * Ghandi was killed by a Hindu fanatic on his way to a prayer meeting
 * Name of Leader: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ||
 * Lifespan: Born October 2nd, 1869 and Died January 30th, 1948 (1948-01-30) (aged 78) || Title: Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu ||
 * Country/Region: India || Years in Power:1900s ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power:
 * British rule had generated in many areas of India
 * India had been under British control for decades
 * Demand full independence
 * Western educated Indians grew virulence of British racism
 * British: price to be paid for peace and good government ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Gandhi led the rebellion of Great Britain around the early 1900's, and became very famous for being non-violent and religious
 * Gandhis goal was to improve immigrant Indians right and to bring freedom to India ||
 * Significant Actions & Events During Term of Power:
 * Amritsar Massacre - Slaughter of Indian protesters by British troops that sparked outrage around the world
 * Boer War - The struggle between Britain and the Boer republics, ending in British control of South Africa
 * Government of India Act - Passed by the British Parliament, it paved the way for Indian independence
 * Rowlatt Act - Cracked down on civil liberties in India and led Gandhi toward rebellion
 * The Salt March - Gandhi's march to the sea to protest the British government's salt monopoly
 * Indian Independe Act was invoked and the following carnage witnessed a displacement of up to 12.5 million people in the former British Indian Empire with an estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Short-Term Effects:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Free India from British rule
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Civil Rights disobedience || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Long-Term Effects:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The influence he has had on people such as Martin Luther King and other leaders who have used non violent means to achieve their aims ||

Legacy of Great Britain and India Does Pakistan and India have a rivalry
 * Questions Made by Group:**

3. Indian Identity An important theme in Indian independence is the idea of Identity. Different identities played a role in the British decision to partition India.

Before developing connections between Nationalism and identity brainstorm answers to the following questions.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Identity means that you remain yourself, that being the same person or have the same personality <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Identities are formed based on individual personalities. Everyone has different characteristics and different morals, which make them their own person <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Identity helps us have focus on what we want to be like or appear to others. It influences the way we treat others and how they react to us <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conformity is the act of giving into something, more as of agreeing with social attitudes and ideas <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Society basically shuns out what seems to be different. If the idea of normal isn’t implied then those people or ideas get cut off <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Influences a lot of my thinking because in a way no matter what I choose I am still conforming to something <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Belonging to a group means that you believe in that same things or share the same values <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Membership is the title of someone that is part of a group and its defined by the group <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">media type="custom" key="8901886"
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is an Identity?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How are our identities formed?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How does our identity influence the way we see ourselves and others?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is conformity?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How does a society decide who belongs and who does not?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How do our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What does it mean to belong to a group?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How is membership defined and by whom is membership defined?

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