Africa



The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa Main Idea- Most of Africa had come under European colonial rule only in the decades before the outbreak of WWI Details
 * Notes p666-669**, **p723-727,** **p804-806**
 * Marcus Garvey
 * African American political leader
 * impact on emerging African nationalist leaders
 * W.E.B. Du Bois
 * African American political leader
 * impact on emerging African nationalist leaders
 * Pan-African
 * Organization
 * brought together intellectuals + political leader
 * before and after WWI
 * Negritude
 * Literary movement in Africa
 * combat racial stereotypes of African culture
 * celebrated the beauty of black skin and African ppl
 * associated w/ origins of African nationalist movements
 * Leopold Sedar Senghor
 * post WWI writers of the negritude literary movement
 * urged pride in African values
 * president of Senegal

The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa Main Idea- WWII proved even more disruptive to the colonial order imposed on African than WWI Details
 * Convention Peoples Party
 * CPP
 * Political party
 * established by Kwame Nkrumah
 * opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast

Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies Main Idea- The pattern of relatively peaceful withdrawal by stages that characterized the process of decolonization in most of Asia and Africa proved unworkable in most of the settler colonies Details
 * Jomo Kenyatta
 * leader of the nonviolent nationalist party
 * in Kenya
 * organized the Kenya Africa Union
 * failed to win concession bc of resistance of white settlers
 * came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army
 * Kenya African Union
 * KAU
 * Leading nationalist party in Kenya
 * adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control
 * Land Freedom Army
 * Radical organization for independence in Kenya
 * failure of nonviolent means = frustrated
 * initiate campaign of terror
 * referred to by British as the Mau mau
 * National Liberation Front
 * FLN
 * Radical nationalist movement in Algeria
 * launched sustained Guerrilla war against France
 * success of attacks led to independence of Algeria
 * Secret Army Organization
 * OAS
 * Organization of French settler in Algeria
 * led guerrilla war
 * followed independence
 * assaults against the Arabs/Berbers, French
 * French advocated independence

The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa Main Idea- In souther African, violent revolutions put an end to white settler dominance in the Portuguese colonies Details
 * Afrikaner National Part
 * the majority part int eh all white South African legislature
 * advocated complete independence from Britain
 * favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid
 * Apartheid
 * Policy of strict racial segregation
 * imposed in South Africa
 * to permit the continued dominance of whites politically/economically

South Africa: The Apartheid State and its Demise Main Idea- South Africa was by no means the only area still under some form of colonial dominance decades after Indian gained its Independence Details
 * Homelands
 * under apartheid
 * areas in South Africa designated for enthnol linguistic groups
 * within the black African pop
 * areas tend to be overpopulated / poverty stricken
 * African National Congress
 * Black political organization
 * within South Africa
 * pressed for end to policies of apartheid
 * sought open democracy leading to black majority
 * declared illegal in South Africa until a certain date
 * Walter Sisulu
 * Black African leader
 * w/ Nelson Mandela opposed apartheid system in South Africa
 * Nelson Mandela
 * Long imprisoned leader of African national Congress party
 * worked with the ANC leadership and F.W. de Klerks supporters to dismantle the apartheid system
 * became the first black prime minister of South African
 * after the ANC won the first democratic elections in the country history
 * Steve Biko
 * An organizer of Black Consciousness movement in South African
 * In opposition to apartheid
 * murdered while in police custody
 * F.W. de Klerk
 * white South African prime miniser
 * Worked with Nelson Mandela
 * Worked w/ the African National Congress
 * Helped to dismantle the apartheid system
 * Opened the way for a democratically elected government
 * Represented all South Africans for the first time
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || July 5th, 1962 || France || National Liberation Front (FLN) and Secret Army Organization (OSA) || Ahmed Bella and Charles de Gaulle || It was successful but they had Economic problems ||
 * Angola || Novermber 11, 1975 || Portugal || UNITA, MPLA, and FNLA || Holden Roberto (FLN), Jonas Savimbi (MPLA), and Dr. Agostinho Neto(UNITA) || 50,000 Angolians died during the Civil War ||
 * Belgian Congo || June 30, 1960 || Belgium ||  || King Leopold, Petillon, Henry Morten Stanley, and Patrice Lumumba ||   ||
 * Ghana || March 6, 1957 || Great Britain || Pan Africanism, Populist movement, and started peaceful || Kwame Nkrumah, Obetsebi Blamptey, Ako Adjie, and Akuffo Addo || Republic created one party state ||
 * Guinea ||  || France ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Kenya || December 12, 1963 || Great Britain || The Mau Mau Movement || Oginga Odinga, Harry Thuku, and Jomo Kenyatta || Constitutional Monarchy ||
 * Madagascar ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * South Africa || My Presentation || My Presentation || My Presentation || My Presentation || My Presentation ||
 * Zimbabwe || 1965 || Great Britain || ZANU -Zimbabwe African National Union and the ZAPU - Zimbabwe African People's Union || Joshua Nkomo, Robert Mugabe and Cannon Banana || Not successful bc of Corruption, Civil Wars, Poverty, and Fraud Leaders ||

Summary:  Africa had many challenges of independence because in the early decades, the very existence of the nation states that were carve out of the Western colonial empires was often challenged by rivalries between its borders, and in some cases civil wars, between different social and ethnic groups. Economic growth was disadvantaged by surprising rates of population increase, the structure of the international market, and the weak state of most colonial economies at the time of independence. Africa in the 1900s was ruled by Great Britain, France, Portugal, and Belgium for the most part. Great Britain had a great hand on many of African countries. They ruled Ghana, South Africa, Kenya, and Zimbabwe. France ruled Algeria and Guinea. Portugal ruled Angola.