Asian+Transitions+in+an+Age+of+Global+Change

The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans Main Idea- After da Gama's voyage, most European enterprise in the Indian Oncean. Details
 * Notes on Pages 484-491**
 * Japan= Mainland Kingdoms/Islands in South East Asia/East Africa -> raw materials
 * No central control
 * Asian sea trading network -> India (cotton textiles) China (silk textiles/paper/porcelain) Arab zone (glass/carpets/tapestries)
 * Navigation -> sailed near shoreline
 * Arabs + Chinese = compasses + large ships (liked to set routes)
 * Characteristics of the trading system = crucial for domination
 * Military force wasn't strong (bad for commercial exchanges)

Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut Main Idea- Most European tried to find the most profitable ways to carry Asian products back to Europe Details
 * Licensing System + Monopoly = control some of trading network
 * Portuguese used force to get goods from countries
 * Chinese junk fleets = only to be able stop Portuguese
 * For mercantilism trading = bad -> other kingdoms would benefit (more power for them)
 * Attempt to control the towns in areas
 * Captured Ormuz -> Southern end of Persian Gulf
 * Goa -> Western Indian Coast
 * da Gama force ports in Africa + India to submit -> combined Egyptian and Indian fleets together

Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires Main Idea- The Dutch trading empire rose up and the Portuguese vulnerability had no match for the Dutch or the English. Details


 * Dutch trading empire = fortified towns + factories + warships on patrol + monopoly control
 * Portuguese did not have enough ships to control their monopoly/licensing system
 * Portuguese no match for the Dutch/English
 * the Dutch became victorious
 * Dutch captured key Portuguese ports + built their own at Batavia on Java Island
 * Focused on certain spices rather than the whole trade
 * Dutch found that greatest profit was peacefully be worked into the trading system
 * Resistance of Asian rivals, poor military discipline, corruption in the crown officials and shipping losses = heavy toll on empire

Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia Main Idea- Missionaries, as well as some traders, settled in coastal enclaves. Details
 * Spanish invaded Philippine Islands and conquered Luzon
 * Controlled settlements making them pay tributes in a form of agricultural products
 * Ships + guns allowed Europeans to force way into trading system but as they moved inland more
 * Dutch moved island to discover perfect area to grow coffee
 * Conquering Mindanao = Spanish's fails

Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia Main Idea- Europeans went to Asia to convert others to Christianity. Details
 * Franciscan + Dominican missionaries as well as Jesuit Francis Xavier helped the low-caste peoples
 * Robert di Nobili = conversion strategy by trying to convert the high-caste down
 * High-caste peoples = refused to be on same level as lower caster
 * Dream of Christian Asia joining Iberian crusade against Muslims
 * India was a promising field for conversion to many religions
 * Beyond socially stigmatized groups such as the untouchables, conversion of pop occurred in isolated areas
 * Roman Catholicism fundamental part of global mission of Spanish + Portuguese

__Summary:__ This section on The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans ﻿was all about trading network in the Indian Ocean. Before the Portuguese arrived the nature of relationships between traders in the Indian Ocean trading network was peaceful unwritten (code of conduct).The people from the trading network had lack of military and central control. The Portuguese came alone and started wares and fighting through the trading networks. Since they had a strong military, it was easy for them to control the zone. They also created trade monopolies such as spices and were able to use fleet to liscence and regulate trade.

What was the nature of the relationships b/w traders in the Indian Ocean trading network before the Portuguese arrived. What opportunities did this create? The nature of the relationships between traders int he Indian Ocean trading network was peaceful before the Portuguese arrived. Individual traders self interest -> support family not country. Fragmented/Lack of central control + Lack of military. Mutual benefits in trade. Easy to use military to dominate zone. Portuguese established factories.
 * Do Now:**

The Early Modern Era Period or also know as The World Shrinks was from 1450-1750. This chapters fallowed the late Middle Ages. The events during this chapter include the first European colonies, the rise of strong centralized governments, and the beginnings of nation states. Big changes from 1450 to 1750 like for example World map changes. Russian and Ottoman empires extended over Europe and Asia. Mughal Empire ruled over India or much of it. In 1450, there were trade routes among Asia, Africa, and Europe. By 1750, there was ocean going routes across the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean. Also revival of empire building came a long way. The Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople. Exploration by Europeans along the Atlantic coast of Africa was common during this chapters. New military technology such as compasses and other navigational devices. Better sailing ships armed with cannons. New biological exchanges of food, animals, and people. Emergence of new, large empires based on guns and gunnery. International trade increased including the Americas and that brought regions closer together. Corn and Potato from the Americas, began to grow in Asia and Europe which led to population increased. Labor shortage in the Americas led to more African slave trade. New Diseased and unprecedented levels of death were realities for many regions. New influence of science in western Europe grew and the rise of Japanese Confucianism was new. Islam reached southeast Asia and southeast Europe and the conversion to Christianity in the Americas occurred. More men than women were seized in Africa because of the slave trade. Indians in Americas died by European and African immigrants who brought disease like smallpox and measles.
 * Reactions to the West**
 * ** China ** ||  ** Japan **  ||
 * * Yuan dynasty overthrown
 * Zhu = quest -> rid China of all Mongols
 * Confucian learned scholars
 * Neo-Confucian thinkers = Ming Dynasty -> more influenced than under Song + Tang
 * Activities from students + women increased
 * Merchants in China gained money not from long-distance trade but from land loaning
 * Zhenghe = expand China through the sea
 * Zhenghe initially had 62 fleets
 * Examinations = difficult for scholars
 * Hongwu might have improved living standards of common people b/c he was peasant
 * China: FROM great power overseas -> TO an isolated empire
 * Europeans tried to convert peoples (Christianity) with missionaries || * 3 military leaders -> restore unity + peace in areas with wars
 * Missionaries -> fear of military forces= banned
 * New ideology =neo-Confucian revival
 * ** Nobunaga **=cruel because “first to used firearms”
 * ** Toyotomi Hideyoshi ** = renewed drive of Nobunaga
 * ** Toyotomi Hideyoshi ** wanted to rule China + India
 * Hideyoshi also had connections with the Portuguese + attacked Korea
 * ** Tokugawa Ieyasu ** = consolidation of power at home
 * Items brought in by Europeans = improved + manufactured by Japan
 * Warfare changed in Japan
 * Missionaries: FROM being favored -> TO being seen as threat (reason = Nobunaga was murdered) ||
 * Writre a 1-2 page summary in the Early Modern Era:**